Alternative Transportation System

Assessment:

Coursework 20%; Course test 20%; Practical 0%; Examination 60%

Competency:

Students should have indepth knowledge of the characteristics of both the Rolling stock and the facilities of the various modes of transport.

Reference: Gupta, B.L., Railway Engineering”, Standard Publishers, Delhi, 1981. Bar, J. “Transport Processes”, Khwar Academics, Netherland, 1991.

Airports are classified based on various criteria, including their size, the types of aircraft they can accommodate, and their role in the aviation system. Airport classification systems can vary by country or region, but a commonly used classification is as follows:

Runway orientation and numbering are standardized to help pilots navigate and land safely at airports around the world. Runways are typically named or numbered based on their magnetic orientation relative to the Earth's magnetic north.

sphalt Paving. Airfield asphalt pavement, laydown and compaction. Echelon paving is the practice of paving two or more lanes side-by-side at the same time with the paving machines staggered. This reduces the number of longitudinal cold joints and their inherent problems are avoided.

Rail gauge refers to the distance between the inner sides of the two parallel rails that make up a railway track. It is a critical aspect of railway infrastructure and has a significant impact on the design, construction, and operation of railways. Different regions and countries around the world use various rail gauges, and the choice of gauge depends on several factors.

Rail and rail welding are integral components of railway infrastructure. Rails are the long, steel beams that form the track on which trains run, and rail welding is the process of joining these rails together to create a continuous track.